Some Another Best Nylon Fiber Properties

Nylon fiber is a common synthetic fibre which is used widely all over the world. Basic raw materials for the production of nylon are coal, petroleum oil or it’s by products. Stepwise processing of those raw materials produces hexamethylene diamine and acidic acid, mixture of this two produces nylon salt, which is used for spinning nylon fibers.

The basic nylon fiber properties are described below:

1. Length: Length of nylon filament is unlimited and staple fibre lengths are controllable.
2. Fineness: Nylon fibre fineness is also controllable.
3. X-sectional shape: Normally round shape but the cross sectional shape could be changed.
4. Strength of nylon fibre is very high. Its tenacity varies from 4.6 to 5.8 g/den.
5. Extensibility: Nylon is highly extensible fibers. Extension at break is 30% but the problem is poor recovery form extension. For that reason it is not used as sewing thread for garment.
6. Resiliency: It has good resiliency property. Nylon fibers, yarn or fabric does not crease easily. For that reason it is widely used for the pile fabric production. For instance velvet, carpet etc.
7. Frictional Resistance: Nylon fibre shows good frictional resistance. Due to high strength and good frictional resistance property it is widely used for rope.

• Moisture regain: moisture regain of nylon fibre varies fro 4.2 to 5.0%. Nylon fibre does not absorb water easily. Water molecules can not enter into the inside of the fibre easily. For this reason nylon fabrics can be dried easily. So it can be used as raincoat.

 

Textile Man Made Fiber’s Physical Forms & Advantages

Physical Forms of Man Made Fibers (MMF):

Man Made Fibers is produced in three forms. These are 1. Filaments 2. Staple 3. Filament Tow.

• Filament Man Made Fibers:

Filament fibers are spun from spinnerets with 3500 or less holes. The no. of holes in spinnerets equals to no. of filaments. There are two types of filaments- a) Mono-filament where the final filament is made of only a single filament. b) Multi-filament; where the final filament is made of more than one filament.

• Staple Man Made Fibers:

Staple fibers are of limited and relatively short length. It is unit of material which is usually at least 100 times longer than thickness. Filaments are specifically made to get the staple form.

• Filament Tow:

The product of 100 or more spinnerets is collected into a large rope of fibers, which is called filament tow. It is then crimped and made into staple by cutting or breaking.

Advantages of Man Made Fibers in Textile:

1. MMF is durable: Man made fiber is made by following a technical process and this is why this kind of textile fiber is comparatively durable.
2. Crease Resistance: Crease resistance is good.
3. Dimensionally stable: Natural fiber is not stable like the man made fiber. So commercially, the demand of man made fiber is huge.
4. Higher Strength: This fiber is more stable and strengthy than the natural fiber.
5. Better Elongation Properties.
6. Can be made according to expectation.
7. More regular properties.
8. Lower cost. As the entire chemical and raw available all time in any season; the ultimate cost of mmf is less.
9. Production does not depend on the climate. You can produce mmf in any season.
10. The raw materials that are used to produce man made fibers are specific.

How To Spin Man Made Fiber?

The man made fibers spinning are accomplished from polymer solutions basically by the following three methods. Which are:-
1. Dry spinning
2. Wet spinning
3. Melt Spinning
A brief description about the above mentioned three spinning methods for man made fibre spinning are discussed below:

Dry Spinning:

One of the three spinning methods for spinning man made fibre is dry spinning method. Fibres produced by this techniques are acetate rayon, acrylic fibres etc. In this technique fibre forming materials are dissolved in volatile solvent. Each spinning unit consists of a pump and spinneret at the top pf a tall shaft about 9 to 15 feet high. There is an air outlet at the top of the tall shift and air in let at the bottom. The fibre spinning solution is forced under pressure from the storage tank to the spinning pump and then through the spinneret.
The number of holes, dia of holes and shape of holes varies according to requirements of a spinneret. The fineness of the filament is determined partly by the diameter of the holes but primarily by the relation between the rate at which solution is forced through the spinneret and rate at which the yarn is wind up. When the fibre spinning solution emerging from spinneret meet the worm air, volatile solvent evaporates leaving the filaments, hence coagulation takes place and becomes dried before leaving the chamber.

Wet Spinning:

In this method the common man made fibres spun are viscose rayon, alginate, acrylic fibres etc. the fibre forming polymer solution first de aerated and then pumped under pressure through metering pump unit, them through the filter and finally through the spinneret. The spinnerets are immersed in a spin bath containing coagulating fluid at a reasonable temperature, as the polymer solution emerges from the spinneret and travel through the bath it becomes coagulated by the chemicals of the spin bath.
Dia of holes, rate of solution feeding and rate of holes per spinneret may be 100000 numbers per squa4e inch diameter and space of holes in the spinneret could be varied.

Melt- Spinning:

In this technique, the common man made fibres spun are Nylon, polypropylene etc. the fibre forming polymer chips are fed through a hopper into a spinning vessel. In spinning vessel, melts by the heated grid and passes through the grid mesh and collected on the pool. The n the melt is metered by a pump through a filter and finallyu through the spinneret.
The melt solidifies immediately it issues from the jets and so form filaments passes through a cooling chamber in which cold air current swept across the filaments. The spinning speed is approximately 1200 meters per minute.
Melt spinning has two big advantages over dry spinning. It avoids the need for a solvent recovery plant and loss of solvent during recover. The high fibre spinning speeds that are possible here.

 

 

Linen Fiber | Properties, Characteristics & Uses

Linen Fiber is a natural fiber which is made from Flax. On the other hand, linen fiber is called as Vegetable fibre. Linen fiber is a popular fiber fibre like cotton fiber due to its wide variety of using capabilities.

Characteristics of Linen Fiber:

1. Clothes that made by linen is comfortable to Use: As the Linen fiber is a natural vegetable fibers it has huge amount of Air Porosity hole. So the air can go in and out while wearing these linen clothes and which make this clothes quite comfortable.
2. Linen Fiber is stronger than Cotton: Another reason behind of the linen fiber popularity is – you will get the same comfort like Cotton in the Linen fiber but the strength of the Linen fiber is twice than the Cotton fiber. Maximum sportswear where the strength is a matter, there the Linen fiber made linen clothes is widely used.
3. Hand Washable & Dry Cleanable: You can not only wash the clothes linen but also clean the lien clothes by drying. So, making linen clothes by using the linen fiber is a wise decision for the Textile Industry owner.
4. Crisp feeling: If you touch the linen fiber, you will feel that it’s a simply crisp fiber which has distinctive outlook and feel.
5. Tailors Well: One textile weavers or textile knitter can easily make the Linen fabric by using the flexible linen fiber and the tailors of the Garment Shop, even can easily make Dress and suits by using the Linen fabrics.
6. Absorbent: The absorbency of Linen fiber is quite good and this is why linen can be dyed well.
7. Dyes & Prints well: Along with the optimum efficiency in Dyeing, one can easily print the Linen cloth except any kind of problems like print paste saturation, discolored surface etc.
8. Lightweight To Heavyweight: Any kind of linen fabric or linen fibers are available on the market which can be achieved in any weight as per the Textile buyers’ requirement.
9. No Static & Pilling problems: If any fabric produce the static electricity during wear, then nothing can be worst than that. People like to wear the fabric that is flexible and comfort to wear. Linen is the perfect fabric in this regard which has no static electricity and pilling problems.
10. Good Abrasion Resistant: As the linen fiber is good in strength, then it is supposed to have the properties like Good abrasion resistant.

Uses of Linen Fiber or Clothes Linen:

I said before that, Linen fiber is a fiber which is widely used to make the Fabric which deserves the high class. Linen fabric is used to make Dresses, Suites, Coats, Shirts, and Children’s wear.

 

There are about 40 species of Jute Plants in all over the world. The commercial Jute Fibers are obtained from two types of Plants known as –
1. Corchorus Capsularies (White Jute)
2. Corchorus Olitorius (Both Tossa and Dessi)

Features and properties of Chorchorus Capsularies Type Jute:

1. This kind of Jute annual plants are grown from seeds.
2. The length of this kind of Jute is 6 to 12 feet long and ½ to ¾ in diameter.
3. Jute leaves are green in Color.

Features and Properties of Corchorus Olitorious Type Jute:

1. Jute annual plants are grown from seeds.
2. About 5 to 10 feet long and ½ to ¾ in Diameter.
3. Jute leaves are green to reddish in color.

List of Jute Growing Countries:

Actually Jute fiber is totally dependant on the weather of an area to be properly grown. The most suitable environment for jute fiber is Bangladesh. This is why Bangladesh is the largest Jute Growing Country in all over the world. Here are some lists of countries who are trying to cultivate Jute and making Jute Fiber.
1. Bangladesh 2. West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, Bombay of India 3. Pakistan 4. Nepal 5. Nigeria 6. Brazil 7. Burma 8. Japan 9. Etc.

The Origin of Jute Has Been Discovered By Bangladeshi Researchers

The Genome Sequence of Jute or DNA or Blue Print of Jute has been discovered by some young researchers of Bangladesh. Some students of Bio Chemistry and Bio-technology of Dhaka University along with Data Soft has been discovered the origin of Jute Fiber. The whole research process was under Dr. Maksudul Alam.
The main advantages of discovering the origin of Jute Fiber are- from now it is possible to produce finer jute yarn. In the near future we can hope that, by using the Jute Fiber; various cloths & dresses can be made. If it becomes possible to make clothes from Jute fiber; the environment of our world will be highly benefited, as Jute Fiber is a biodegradable fiber.
We can expect the versatile uses and benefits of Jute Fiber now. Thanks to the scientist who were involved with this fabulous invention.
As we know the Origin of Jute Fiber now; its possible to develop higher classed Jute which will be auto insects protector. Insects are the main enemy of Jute. If insects can be protected at the time of Jute growing; we will definitely get better jute fiber for our textile industry.
This is the first time Bangladesh has completed a successful research on any Textile Related fibers. If the research on Jute that already has been achieved is continued; we can hope, jute fiber can be harvested in the whole season with various new specis, new colors, enhanced heights, and brighter fibers. Because, it’s possible to snatch the idea of generating whole seasonal seeds from the existing jute seeds as we know now how Jute is produced.
If jute fiber is properly developed; it can be great bio-degradable natural fibers in textile world.

Cotton Fiber Properties & The End Uses of Cotton Fibre

Cotton Fiber Properties: Cotton is the Cellulosic fiber and widely used fiber in all over the world. Cotton fiber is very popular due to its several attractive and useful properties.

There are some properties of Cotton Fibre that are worth mentioning too-

• Comfortable: Cotton fiber has large amorphous portion and this is why the air can be in and out through cotton fiber. So, the fabric made by cotton fiber is quite comfortable to use.

• Soft Hand: Cotton fiber is too much regular fiber and if properly ginned; this fibre can be the best soft hand feeling fibre amongst the others.

• Absorbent: Cotton fiber has high absorbency power and this is why this fiber can be died properly and without any harassment.

• Good Color Retention: If the printing is applied on cotton fiber, it seems it doesn’t spread the color outside the design. So printing efficiency is good on cotton fibre.

• Machine Washable & Dry Cleanable: It is seen that some fibers can’t be dried or washed due to it’s sensitivity and weak fastness properties but in case of Cotton fiber you will have large number of options to choose. You can easily wash the cotton made fabric by machines and even you will be able to dry this fiber by using electronic drier.

• Good Strength: If you want to seek an average strength which might be enough for you; then cotton fiber can be your ultimate choice. The strength of cotton fiber is quite good.

• Cotton Fibre Drapes Well: The drape-ability of cotton fibre is awesome. You can use the cotton fibre made fabric in any kind of wear which needs more flexibility and drapes.

• Sewing & Handling Is Easy: The sewing efficiency on Cotton made fabric is easier and comfortable than other fiber. This is why the demand of cotton made fabric is higher in all over the world.

Uses of Cotton Fibre:
Cotton fiber is a versatile fibre which has wide variety of uses. But the Cotton fibre is mostly used on the Apparel Industry to make the wearing cloth like Sweaters, Skirts, Shirts,  Swimwear, Kids wear, Blouses, Pants, Hosiery and to make other type of dresses.

Properties of Cotton Fibre that needed for cotton Spinning

The following properties a cotton fibre should have to contain of:-

1. Cotton Fibre Fineness:

Fineness is one of the most important parameter determining the yarn quality. This is the best cotton properties that almost all of the cotton importers wants. Cotton  Fibre fineness influences the number of fibre in cross section. The finer fibre results the higher no. of fibre in yarn cross-sections. Fibre fineness influences primarily-
a) Spinning limit. B) Lustre. C) Yarn Strength. D) Handle E) Yarn Evenness F) Productivity.

2. Fiber Maturity:

The maturity of cotton fibre defines in terms of the development of the cell wall. A fully mature fibre has a developed cell wall. On the other hand, an immature fibre has a very thin cell wall. A fibre is to be considered as mature fibre when the cell wall of moisture swollen fibre represents 50% to 80% of the round cross section, as immature fibre represents 30% to 45% and as dead when it represents less than 25%.
Immature fibres lead to –a) napping b) loss of yarn strength c) high proportion of short fibre d) varying dyeability. So good cotton properties is to said as matured cotton fibre.

3. Fibre Length:

The average length of spinnable fibre is called staple length. Staple length is one of the most important fibre characteristics. The quality, count, strength, etc depend on the staple length of the fibre. Higher the staple length, higher the yarn quality. Staple length influences –a) yarn evenness b) lustre of the product c) spinning limit d) yarn strength e) yarn hairiness f) handle of the product
The following length grouping are currently used in stating the trade staple or basic cotton properties-
Short Staple: 1″ or less.
Medium Staple: 1 and 1/32 inch to 1 and 1/8 inch
Long Staple: 1 and 5/32 inch to 1 and 3/8 inch.
Extra Long Staple: 1 and 13/32 inch and above.

4.  Cotton Fibre Strength:

Toughness of fiber has a direct effect on yarn and fabric strength.  Cotton Properties means such type of physical behavior of a fibre. The higher the fibre strength, the higher the yarn and fabric strength. Very weak cotton tends to rupture during processing both in blow room and carding, creating short fibres and consequently deteriorate yarn strength and uniformity. Some significant breaking strength of fibres are-
Polyester >>35 to 60 CN/Tex
Cotton>>>>15 to 40 CN/Tex
Wool>>>>12 to 18 CN/Tex

5.  Cotton Fibre Cleanness:

In addition to usable fibre, cotton stocks contain various kinds of foreign matters. Some vegetable matters are- a) husk portion, b) seed portion c) stem portion d) leaf portion e) wood portion.
Some mineral matters are- a) earth b) sand c) dust.
Some other foreign materials are- a) metal fragments b) cloth fragments c) packing materials.

6. Cotton Fibre Elongation:

Elongation is specified as a percentage of the starting length. Textile products without classify would hardly be usable. They must be deformed and also return to the original shape. The fibre elongation should be at least 1 to 2%. The greater crease resistance of wool compared with cotton arises due to difference in their elongation.

Fundamental Idea of Cotton Bale

it is necessary to know about cotton bale. Bale of cotton is the main thing that can enhance your spinning productivity. Cotton bale is brought at blowroom section from the store. Store receives the cotton bale within a loose form form the cotton seller.

Cotton or any staple fibres are received in the form of compressed bales. If the mill is situated very near the cotton growing areas, they situated very near the cotton growing areas, they may receive cotton in loose form. The size, weight, density of bales for cotton varies from country to country. The following table illustrate the variation:
1. Indian>>>>>>4.1*1.10*1.4>>>>400>>>>>39
2. African >>>>>4.3*2.7*1.10>>>400>>>>>>28
3. Egyptian >>>>4.3*2.7*1.10>>>>>>720>>>35
4. American>>>>4.6*3.4*2.3>>>>>>480>>>2.2
From the above chart it is seen that the American Cotton Bale is mostly standardized and good for quality spinning.

Class About Cotton Breeding, Ginning, Harvesting | Cellulose

Definition of Cotton Fiber:

Cotton Fiber is the backbone of world’s textile trade. Cotton is essential cellulose. It is attached to the seeds of plants of the Mallow Family. Many of our everyday textiles are made by cotton. Cotton fabrics are hand wearing and capable of infinite verity of weave and coloring.

Cotton Breeding:

cotton plant gossypium belongs to the genus malvaceae. The breeds can be classified on a genetic basis and chromosomes in the body cells.

New world types Cotton :-

Gossypium Hirsutaum
Gossypium Brasilence
Gossypium Barbadence
Gossypium Peruvinum
Gossypium Purpurasems

Old world types of Cotton Fiber:

Gossypium Aboreum
Gossypium Nanking
Gossypium Herbaceum
At present time the following are cultivated world wide-
Gossypium Hirsutum-87%
Gossypium Barbadense-8%
Gossypium Arborium + Gossypium Herbaceum—5%

Cotton Fiber Producing  Countries:

Now a days cotton is cultivated in approximately 75 countries on an average of 32 million hectors. This is approximately 0.8% of the cultivated serface of the earth. The world wide annual production of ginned cotton is 20 million ton. This is 50% of the textile fibres processed between 4 and 6 million ton of the cotton produced is exported.
The most important producers are:– USA, Russia, Pakistan, India, China, Australia, Sudan, Paraguay, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, Turkey, Canada, Europe, Etc.

The Process Sequence of Cotton Production / Cultivation:

1. Formation of Cotton Fibre
2. Fibre Growth
3. Ring Growth
4. Effect of Growth Condition( Matured fibre, immature fibre, dead fibre).

Cotton Harvesting:

The process of pick up cotton from the field is known as harvesting. There are two types of harvesting—
1. Manual Harvesting
2. Mechanical Harvesting.

Ginning Cotton:

The process of separating cotton fibres from seeds is called ginning. There are two types of ginning machines. Such as— 1. Saw Gin (for low to medium quality fibres)
3. Roller Gin (For high quality fibres).

Commercial varieties of cotton:

1. Very fine and lustrous—length 2—3 “
2. Average fine and little lustrous—length –1-2”
3. Short fibres or course fibres with no lustrous—less the 1”

Chemical composition of cotton:

Cellulose: 94%
Protein: 1.5%
Wax: 0.5%
Pectin Materials: 1%
Small amount of acids, sugar and pigments: 2%

What Is Cellulose:

Cellulose is and active chemical with three OH groups attached to each glucose inside. Those in the 2 and 3 positions behave as secondary alcohols; the hydroxyl in the 6th position acts as a primary alcohol.
Cellulose is the basis of all plant fibres. It has an empirical formula (C6H10O5)n. t is a polymeric material formed by condensation of glucose.

What is Cotton Fibre | Properties of Cotton Fiber

Cotton is widely used Textile Fiber in Textile Industry. Due to it’s versatile  uses; people feel comfort to use Cotton fiber to make fabric. Here is the basic things about Cotton Fiber.

Cotton Fiber:

Cotton is a natural vegetable fibre produced in the cotton plant in many countries of the world even in Bangladesh also. Some important properties of cotton fibres are discussed very briefly below:

Properties of Cotton Fibres:

Length of cotton fiber:
Physically the individual cotton fibres consist of a single long tubular cell. Its length is about 1200-1500 times than its breadth. Length of cotton fibre varies from 16mm to 52 mm depending upon the type of cotton.
Indian cotton- 16-25 mm
American cotton- 20-30 mm
Sea Island- 38-52 mm
Egyptian cotton- 30-38 mm
Fineness of cotton fiber:
Longer the fibre, finer the fibre in case of cotton fibre. It is expressed in term of decitex and it varies from 1.1 to2.3 decitex.
Indian= 2.2-2.3dtex
American= 2.1-2.2 dtex
Egyptian= 1.2-1.8 dtex
Sea Island= 1.0-1.1 dtex
Fineness may be more in case of immature fibre. So it is necessary to express maturity with fineness.
Strength and extension of cotton fiber:
Cotton fibre is fairly among natural fibres in relation to tenacity which is 3-3.5g/dtex. Its tensile strength is between wool and silk fibre but disadvantage is low extension at break which is 5-7%.
Elastic properties of cotton:
Recovery from deformation of cotton fibre, yarn or fabric from applied load is very low. By applying heat it can’t be achieved. This property can be achieved by -1.Chemical treatment to improve crease recovery, but the problem is the materials become harsher due to chemical treatment 2. blending or mixing of cotton with elastic fibre, e.g. polyester, blend ratio depends on the end use of the fabric. The initial modulus is fairly high=0
5 g/dtex (wool=0.25 g/dtex)
Cross-section:
Cross-section of cotton fibre is some what ribbon like. The cell wall is rather thin and the lumen occupies about two-third of the entire breadth and shows up very prominent in polarized light. Fibre cross-section becomes round when mercerized.
Appearance:
Cotton fibre is fairly short, fine and creamy white color. Color of the fibre depends on soil of growth. By adding chemicals in the soil, color of the cotton fibre may be varied.
Crimp:
Cotton fibre is more or less twisted on its longitudinal axis which cab not be seen from out side is called convolution. The twist in the fibre does not to be continuous in one direction i.e. if at first right direction, then left direction. This property of cotton fibre helps in spinning.

 

 

 

 

Blend Fiber:

Blending of various types of textile fibers and must be two or more is of crucial significance to the contemporary textile industry. The yarns and fabrics produced by blending display a range of expected properties that otherwise could not be obtained by a single textile fibers or fabrics.
The demands of blend fibers are increasing dramatically in technical and commercial industry. In textile production; the demand of blend fiber also increased in order to achieve high quality and reproducible results to the textile dyers and colorists.
Fiber blends means: adding two or more type of fibers in one. Suppose; if you mix polyester fiber with cotton fiber by any ration, then it’s called fiber blending. The result of the blended fibers is a single yarn.

Some Reasons for Blending of Fibers:

1. To facilitate Textile processing.
2. To improve fiber properties lie Abrasion Resistance, Fiber Strength, Absorbency and comfort, Add bulk and warmth, Hand, Dimensional Stability, Resistance to Wrinkling, Permanent pleats or creases.

3. To produce multicolored fabrics. Yes! You can produce multicolored fabrics by blending with different colored fibers and yarn. If you use different colored fibers then different colored yarn will be produced. And use these yarn to produced multicolored fabric.
4. To reduce fibre and fabric cost. It is seen that, the price of cotton fiber is comparatively costly than polyester. So, if you blend cotton fiber with polyester then the ultimate cost of these yarns will be lower. So, blend fiber reduce cost.
5. Sometimes blending on fiber is done to increase the cost of finished product. Silk is very valuable fiber. If you add a low portion of silk  fiber with cotton; then the fiber value will be increased.

Actually, blending demand has drastically been increased. Now blending thing is done everywhere.

Know the Bamboo Textile from Bamboo Fiber | A Green Fibre

Where the world are continuously seeking the green, biodegradable  and environment friendly fiber for textile manufacturing; it is being so tough for them to make the general fibers into a Green fiber which would be hygienic and environment friendly and not harmful for the nature.

But Bamboo fiber is a fiber which could be the ultimate choice for the textile manufacturers make the green textiles that exactly peoples are expecting now a day.
So, what is Bamboo Fiber?
Bamboo fiber is a regenerated cellulose fiber and can be obtained through a complex higher technological process. The raw materials of Bamboo are to be collected from the Bamboo which is grown naturally and in well condition. Any kind of chemical or pesticides shouldn’t be use on the bamboo which will be used to as a source of Bamboo fiber’s raw materials.
If the sunshine and any kind of micro-organism are applied on the Bamboo fibre; it will be bio-degraded, so Bamboo textiles will not pollute the environment anymore. This fiber derived from the natures and after being bio-degraded it returns back to the natures like the sand.

Why One Should Choose The Bamboo Fiber?
Well, there are lots of reason that is why a trendy textile manufacturer should use the bamboo fiber to make the new textiles product.
The production cost of the Bamboo textiles from Bamboo fibre is same as the traditional fibre but the appearance and texture of the Bamboo textiles is quite good than that. Bamboo textiles are comparatively more absorbent, soft, cool, breathable, and light. All of the features it has are really distinctive. Another great feature of the bamboo textiles is – it has the natural anti bacteria protector by default which will reduce the cost of finishing process of the fabric.

Bamboo fibers spin more efficiently and can produce a better spun yarn. If you want to produce a new fibres or textile by blending with the Bamboo then it is possible. You can blend the Bamboo with the Cotton, Hemp, Silk, Lyocell and others.
Bamboo fiber is round and thinner than hair of the men. This fiber is smooth that it doesn’t create any kind of friction with the human skin.
Most importantly, Bamboo fiber is the green, soft and shiny fibers what the today’s textile world are expecting.

 

Types of Winding Package | Advantages & Disadvantages of Winding Packages

There are three types of winding packages are available in the textile weaving industry. They have lots of advantages and disadvantages too. Here are the descriptions of the three winding packages:

1. Parallel Winding Package of Weaving:

This winding package comprises many threads laid parallel to one another as in a warp beam .it is necessary to have a flanged package. For instance, Warper Beam, Weavers Beam.

Advantages of Parallel Winding Packages:

a) Many threads can be wind at a time.
b) More yarn density in the winding package.
c) Side with-drawl is possible.
d) During winding no charge of twist.
e) During winding no need to traversing.
Disadvantages of Parallel Winding Packages:
a) Need flanged packages.
b) Need separate mechanism during unwinding.
c) Over with-drawl is not possible.

2. Near Parallel Winding Packages:

This winding package comprises one or more threads which are laid very nearly parallel to the layers already existing on the package. For instance, Pirn, Cop, Flange bobbin.

Advantages of Near Parallel Winding Packages:

a) Normally no need to flange bobbin.
b) Over with-drawl can be possible.
c) During winding no change of twist.
d) The package is comparatively stable.

Disadvantages of Near Parallel Winding packages:

a) Side with-drawl is not possible.
b) During winding need traversing mechanism.

3. Cross Wound Package:

This type usually consists of a single thread which is laid on the package at an appreciable helix angle. So that the layers cross one another and give stability. For example, Cone, Cheese, Spool etc.

Advantages of Cross Winding Package:

a) Package stable due to cross wound.
b) Over with-drawl is possible.
c) During unwinding no need to separate mechanism.

Disadvantages of Cross Winding Packages:

a) The amount of yarn in the package is less due to low density.
b) Twist may be charged during unwinding.

Winding | Winding Objects | Requirements of Winding in Weaving

Weaving Winding Definitions:

The process of transferring yarn from ring bobbins, hanks, cones etc onto a suitable package is called Winding.

Objects of Winding:

1. To transfer yarn from one package to another package, which can be conveniently used for the weaving purposes.
2. To remove yarn faults like hairiness, neps, slubs, and foreign matters.
3. To produce long length of yarn by serially joining one yarn package with another.
4. To clean the yarn.
5. To improve the quality of yarn.

Requirements of Winding in Weaving:

1. Minimum fault level.
2. No damage of yarn.
3. Must permit easy unwinding.
4. Suitable size and shape of the package.
5. Economical condition and carrying.
6. Avoid of excess looseness and lightness.
7. Above all the process must be profitable.

 

 

Do you know about weaving shedding, Picking, Beating, Take off & Let off motion?

Weaving Shedding:

It is the process of separating the warp threads into two layers to form a tunnel, called shed through which shuttle carrying weft passes is known as shedding. Some warp threads are raised up and some are depressed down to create the tunnel.

Weaving Picking:

The method of passing the weft threads which traverses across the fabric through shed is called picking. The insert4ed weft is known as pick.

Weaving Beating:

It is the process of pushing the pick into the ready woven fabric at a point known as fell of the cloth.

Let- off Motion:

The motion which delivers warp in the weaving area at the requi4rd rate and at a suitable constant tension by unwinding it from a flanged beam called let-off motion.

Take-up Motion:

The motion which withdrawals fabric from the weaving area; at the constant rate that will give the required spacing and winds the fabric onto a roller is called take up motion.

 

Loom | How Many Motions A Loom Can Have?

What Is Loom:

Loom’s Motion:

1. Take Up Motion.

1. Let-off Motion:

1. Warp Stop Motion.
2. Weft stop motion.
3. Warp Protector motion
4. Feeler Motion.
5. Brake Motion
6. Weft Mixing Motion.

Shed Weaving in Loom | Tappet, Dobby, Jacquard Shedding

Definition of Weaving Shedding:

It is the process by which the warp threads are divided into two layer parts, are above the other, for the passage of the shuttle with a pick of weft. Shed weaving is done due to passing the weft yarn over the warp yarn on the slay race of a weaving loom.

Classification of Shedding:

Shedding are basically classified as follows:
1. Tappet Shedding. –
a) Positive shedding,
b) Negative Shedding.
2. Dobby Shedding.-
a) Positive dobby shedding,
b) Negative dobby shedding.
3. Jacquard Shedding. –
a) Single lift single cylinder jacquard
b) Single lift double cylinder.
c) Double lift single cylinder.
d) Double lift double cylinder.

Shed of Weaving Loom

Definition of Weaving Loom Shed:

The warp threads are divided into two layers or parts one above the other, for the passage of the shuttle with a pick of weft. The space or gap between the two layers of the warp threads is called shed. A shed is produced by means of healds or harnesses.

Types of Shed:

Shed is classified according to the position of the ends:
1. Closed Shed
2. Bottom Shed.
1. Closed Shed is classified on two parts. A) Bottom Closed Shed, B) Centre Closed Shed.
2. Open Shed are classified on two parts. A) Semi-open Shed, b) Open Shed.

Bottom Closed Shed:

This kind of shed is produced by giving motion only to threads that are to form the upper line. Under this condition the warp is level on the bottom line. Hence in order to form a top shed, it is necessary to move some threads through a space equal to twice the depth of a shed, once up and once down, before a fresh selection is made. A shade of this kind is known as a stationary bottom with a rising and falling top.

Centre Closed Loom Shed:

Centre closed shed is produced by imparting an upward movement to those threads which are to form the top line and a downward movement to the threads which are to form the bottom line, then after inserting a pick, both the lines meet at the centre.

Loom Drives | Hand loom & Power Loom Driver’s features.
The Loom Drives are describes below with it’s type and convenience: -

Weaving Loom Drives are of two types:-

1. Hand drive used in hand loom.
2. Power drive used in power loom.

The power drive of Loom is given by-

a) Water Wheel.
b) Steam Engine.
c) Common Motor like 1. Single Large Motor. 2. Grouped Motor.
d) Individual Motor.

Advantages of Grouped Motor in loom:

1. Economical with respect to fixed charges and maintenance.
2. Initial cost is low.

Disadvantages of Grouped Motor in loom:

1. Shafts, belts, pulleys etc absorb greater power and efficiency is considerably low.
2. In case of motor failure, all the looms of that motors are workless.
3. Fluff accumulates and occasionally falls on loom warp and cloth causing damage to cloth.
4. Gives greater power cost for driving causes of power losses.
5. Lay out is difficult.

Individual Motor:

In modern system, each loom has its own electric motor and starter. The motor may drive the loom through a belt or gear.
Advantages of Individual motor in Loom:
1. There is considerable economy of power as power losses are small.
2. In case of motor failure, only a particular loom remains idle and this does not affect the working of other machines.
3. Lay out of loom is very easy.
4. It gives a clear view of the shed and the working hazard being reduced.
5. No chance of any accident, cleanliness and lightning s are also improved because elimination of overhead shaft and long belts.

Disadvantages of Individual motor in Loom:

1. High initial cost.
2. High maintenance cost.
3. There is always a risk of hazards.

Loom | Loom Motion

What Is Loom:

Loom is the machine which produces the woven fabric by interlacing of two sets of yarn.

Loom’s Motion:

Primary Motion:
1. Shedding
2. Picking.
3. Beating
Secondary Motion:
1. Take Up Motion.
a) 5 Wheel take up motion.
b) 6Wheel take up motion.
c) 7 Wheel take up motion.
2. Let-off Motion:
a) Positive Let-off motion
b) Negative Motion.
Tertiary Motion:
1. Warp Stop Motion.
2. Weft stop motion.
3. Warp Protector motion
4. Feeler Motion.
5. Brake Motion
6. Weft Mixing Motion.

Chronological Development of Loom

The today’s modern loom has not yet come automatically. After passing a long period modern loom has been invented. Now I will show you the successive steps of getting the ultra modern loom.

1. Chittarangon Loom
2. Hattersely Loom.

 

 

 

 

 

 

How to feed Yarn/Thread easily into Knitting Needle?

Yarn feeding into knitting machine’s needle involves either-

1. Moving the yarn past the needle.
2. Moving the needle past the stationary yarn feeding system.
1. When the yarn moves past the needle, the fabric will be stationary because the loops hang from the needles. This arrangement exists on all warps knitting machine and on weft knitting machines with straight beds and circular machines with stationary cylinders and dials.
2. Most circular weft knitting machine have revolving needle cylinders and stationary cams, feeders, and yarn packages. In this case, the fabric tube must revolve with the needles.

Beginner knitting instructions on how to make scarf, hat, pillow or bag.

Before giving you the instructions that how to make easily a scarf, hat, pillow , bag and so many knitted goods like this I would like to mention here some “must have to have” knitting accessories. These are:-
- Colored worsted weight yarn. Here color depends on you that what kind of color you want to use.
- Some long knitting needles. These sizes should be 8 and 14″
- Select a needle which has big eye.
- Scissor. Smalls scissor will be comfortable.
Now I will focus on the three instructions. Just follow the knitting instructions carefully and successively.
First Instruction:
Step 1: Firstly create a slip knot on the shaft of any of the needle. And it will be your first stitch.
Step 2: Now hold on the needle on your left hand and take another needle on your right hand. Now enter the tip of your needle which you are holding on right hand to the slip knot from front side to the back side. This process goes under the left needle. Is not it?.
Step 3: Now continue to holding the left needle on the left hand and move your left fingers over the brace of right hand’s needle
Step 4: Take the yarn from the ball by using your right hand.
Step 5: Now make free your right hand and bring yarn under and over the tip or point of right needle by using your index finger.
Step 6: Place right fingers to right needle now, and draw yarn through stitch with the point of right needle.
Step 7: Slide point of need which you are holding on left hand to the back of new stitch, and remove right hand’s needle.
Step 8: Pull ball yarn gently to make the stitch fit easily and tightly on needle. You have just been able to make one stitch and there are two stitches on left needle. Here slip knot is defined as stitch.
Step 9: Insert point of right needle, from front side to back side, into stitch just made, and under left needle of your left hand. Repeat Steps 5 through 9, 26 more times, until you have made 28 more stitches on the left needle. This will finish the first casting on row, and this is the beginning point. You have just completed your first step if you abide by all of my knitting instructions given above. Now go below to grab the rests….
Second Instruction:
Step 1: Take needle with stitches in left hand; insert point of right needle in first stitch, from front side to back side like you did in the first instruction segments.
Step 2: By using right index finger, bring yarn from ball under and over point of right needle.
Step 3: Draw yarn through stitch by entering right needle point on there.
Step 4: Now concentrate your mind here. Slip loop on left needle off, so new stitch is entirely on right needle.
This completes one knit stitch. Repeat Steps 1 through 4 in each stitch still on left needle. When the last stitch is worked, one row of knitting is accomplished.
To complete the knitting, now bind all of the stitches you have already created.


Third & Final Instruction:
Step 1: Knit the first 2 stitches; insert left hand’s needle into stitch that you knitted first, and pull it over the second stitch and quite off the needle. You have successfully been able to bind one stitch.
Step 2: Now knit one more stitch to bind your all of the stitches completely. Insert left needle into first stitch on right needle, and pull it over the new stitch and completely off the needle. Another stitch is bound off. While doing this be cautious. It shouldn’t be more tight to stitching. Continue this process until you reach the extreme stitch of the knitted goods you are making. If it becomes at 6” wide, you can draw your needle up and through last stitch to securely bind it. You also can use thread yarn into yarn needle and weave end into several stitches.
These are knitting instructions to assist you to make a knitted goods like Hat, Scarf, Pillow, Bag easily.

 

 

Magic Loop Knitting, Knitting Loop Structure, Course knitting Stitches, Knitting in Wales, Embroidery digitizing Stitch Density, Fabric Draw-off

1. Knitted Loop Structure:

The properties of a knitted structure are largely determined by the interdependence of each stitch to its neighbors on either side and above and below it. Magic Loop Knitting are arranged in rows and column termed Knitting courses and Wales respectively.

2. Course:

A course is predominantly horizontal row of needle loops produced y adjacent needles during the same knitting cycle.

3. Wales:

A wale is a predominantly vertical column of intermeshed needle loops produced by the same needle knitting at successive knitting cycle. A wale commences as soon as an empty needle starts to knit.

4. Stitch Density:

The term stitch density is frequently used in knitting instead of linear measurements of Courses and Wales; it is the total no. of needle loops in a given area such as a square inch or three square centimeters.

5. Fabric Draw-off:

Fabric are always drawn from the needles on the side remote from their hooks, when two sets of needles are used, the fabric is drawn away in the gap between the two sets.

 

The Basic Idea of Knit Course, Wales and Purl Stitches

Definition of Purl Stitch in Knitting:

In securing the previous stitch in a wale, the next stitch can pass through the previous loop either from below or above. If the former, the stitch is denoted as a knit stitch; if the latter, as a purl stitch. The two stitches are related in that a knit stitch seen from one side of the fabric appears as a purl stitch on the other side.

Appearance of Stitches:

The two types of stitches have a different visual effect; the knit stitches look like “V”‘s stacked vertically, whereas the purl stitches look like a wavy horizontal line across the fabric. Patterns and pictures can be created in knitted fabrics by using knit and purl stitches as “pixels”; however, such pixels are usually rectangular, rather than square, depending on the gauge of the knitting.Individual stitches, or rows of stitches, may be made taller by drawing more yarn into the new loop (an elongated stitch) which is the basis for uneven knittin : a row of tall stitches may alternate with one or more rows of short stitches for an interesting visual effect. Short and tall stitches may also alternate within a row, forming a fish-like oval pattern.
Two courses of red yarn illustrating two basic fabric types. The lower red course is knit into the white row below it and is itself knit on the next row; this produces stockinette stitch. The upper red course is purled into the row below and then is knit, consistent with garter stitch.
In the simplest knitted fabrics, all of the stitches are knit or purl; these fabrics are denoted as stockinette and reverse stockinette, respectively. Vertical stripes (ribbing) are possible by having alternating wales of knit and purl stitches; for example, a common choice is 2×2 ribbing, in which two wales of knit stitches are followed by two wales of purl stitches, etc.
Horizontal striping (welting) is also possible, by alternating rows of knit and purl stitches; the simplest of these is garter stitch, so-called because its great elasticity made it well-suited for garters. Checkerboard patterns (basketweave) are also possible, the smallest of which is known as seed stitch: the stitches alternate between knit and purl in every wale and along every row.
Fabrics in which the number of knit and purl stitches are not the same, such as stockinette, have a tendency to curl; by contrast, those in which knit and purl stitches are arranged symmetrically (such as ribbing, garter stitch or seed stitch) tend to lie flat and drape well.
Wales of purl stitches have a tendency to recede, whereas those of knit stitches tend to come forward. Thus, the purl wales in ribbing tend to be invisible, since the neighboring knit wales come forward. Conversely, rows of purl stitches tend to form an embossed ridge relative to a row of knit stitches. This is the basis of shadow knitting, in which the appearance of a knitted fabric changes when viewed from different directions.
Typically, a new stitch is passed through a single unsecured (“active”) loop, thus lengthening that wale by one stitch. However, this need not be so; the new loop may be passed through an already secured stitch lower down on the fabric, or even between secured stitches (a dip stitch).
Depending on the distance between where the loop is drawn through the fabric and where it is knitted, dip stitches can produce a subtle stippling or long lines across the surface of the fabric, e.g., the lower leaves of a flower. The new loop may also be passed between two stitches in the present row, thus clustering the intervening stitches; this approach is often used to produce a smocking effect in the fabric. The new loop may also be passed through two or more previous stitches, producing a decrease and merging wales together. The merged stitches need not be from the same row; for example, a tuck can be formed by knitting stitches together from two different rows, producing a raised horizontal welt on the fabric.
Not every stitch in a row need be knitted; some may be left as is and knitted on a subsequent row. This is known as slip-stitch knitting. The slipped stitches are naturally longer than the knitted ones; for example, a stitch slipped for one row before knitting would be roughly twice as tall as its knitted counterparts. This can produce interesting visual effects, although the resulting fabric is more rigid, because the slipped stitch “pulls” on its neighbours and is less deformable.
Slip-stitch knitting plays an important role in mosaic knitting, an important technique in hand-knitting patterned fabrics; mosaic-knit fabrics tend to be stiffer than patterned fabrics produced by other methods such as Fair-Isle knitting.
In some cases, a stitch may be deliberately left unsecured by a new stitch and its wale allowed to disassemble. This is known as drop-stitch knitting. and produces a vertical ladder of see-through holes in the fabric, corresponding to where the wale had been.
The stitches on the right are right-plaited, whereas the stitches on the left are left-plaited.Within limits, an arbitrary number of twists may be added to new stitches, whether they be knit or purl. Here, a single twist is illustrated, with left-plaited and right-plaited stitches on the left and right, respectively.

 

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