What Are Textiles? Textiles Definitions & General Terms

What is Textile might be a simple question for the Textiles expert like me; but it might be little bit common but unknown to the general public’s like you. To be frank, textiles is a department which concludes lots of subcategories and by accumulating all of the textiles terms and products it results the all in one “Textile” or “Textiles”.

Traditionally we think Textiles as cloth that we wear. But to be specific, textiles mean a woven. A product that is woven by the warp yarn and weft yarn; no matter it is to be interlaced each other or not. Other related terms like textile fibers, fabrics, yarn, sliver, machines, knitting, dyeing, printing, designs, art, engineering, cotton, coir, bamboo, tex, raw materials, synthetics, nano textiles etc are in the broad Textiles Category. Some other broad but extremely related of terms that are in Textiles category which is like Garment or Apparels, Yarn Manufacturing, Fabric Manufacturing or Weaving, Dyeing or Printing (Traditional Dyeing or Digital Printing), Finishing or Final engineering works on Textiles to make it more appealing to the consumers and buyers and then Textiles product exporting.

There are three ways about how a textile is made:-
Weaving: In this method; two yarns is used to interlace each other and this is how the fabrics are made. By combining two earn from the row to Colum axis makes a continuous fabric which is later be processed as per customer needs and requirements. It is worth mentioning that the Warp yarn is basically stronger than the Weft yarn because Warp yarn would have to face the hard beats of the reeds.

Knitting: Knitting needles are used to make such type of fabric. One needle is continuously providing the adequate yarns to another yarn for making an interlacement. Some machines named circular Knitting Machines; Compound Knitting Machine, Flat Knitting machines are used to make such type of fabric. Textiles called Upholstery are basically a Textile Knitting Technology and many of such textiles are made by the hand and needles. You better check out some knitting videos here.

Felted Fabric: This is probably the most advanced Technology for the Textiles World. In this technology, textiles are made by felting or pressurizing two yarns or cloths each other without having any interlacements. No needles or shuttles or reeds are used to make the Felted Cloth. Basically these types of Textiles are used as Heavy textiles and sometimes used as a jacket or overcoat etc.

This is all about the Textiles. If someone ask you about “What is Textiles?” then you may reply the exact thing which I just told you above along with some textile related definitions and terms.

List of American Textile Company, Mills & Organization [Part 01]

Peoples seem that Textile Industry and Companies just for the Asian & Asian Subcontinents. But it’s false. There are lots of Eco-friendly, well-known Textile Company, Mills and Industries are doing their business with good reputation in United States of America.

The American Textile Mills and Company has been established on the base of large demand of different Textile materials like Woven Fabric, Knitted Fabrics, Dyed Woven Fabric, Yarn Dyed Fabric, Different Textile fibers like Metallic, Polyester, Cotton, Ramie, Flax Linen, Rayon Silk, Silk, Jute, Silicon coated fabrics, mattress, Pillows, Blankets, Sweaters, Underwear’s, Bra, panties, Jackets, Knitted fibers, polyester, cotton, rayon, various apparels, spandex, acrylic, nylon, knitted high pile, jersey, napped fleece, terry cloth and non-woven fabrics for fashion, performance, industrial and different safely applications.
There is a list of Different Textile Companies of United States of America which has been accumulated from various sources of Net.
1. Weave Corporation, USA
2. Van Lathem, Inc, USA
3. Triumph Geo- Synthetics, Inc, USA
4. The fabric Stock Exchange, USA
5. Textile Innovators Corp, USA
6. Textile Development Associates, USA
7. Taconic, USA
8. Sunsilks,Inc. USA
9. Sun Action Textiles, USA
10. Straus Knitting Mills, Inc, USA
11. Stratford Hall Textiles, USA
12. Somerset Fabrics, LLC, USA
13. Silberman Associates, USA
14. Satesa Corporation, USA
15. Safco Fabrics, USA
16. AST A. Sommer Textiles, USA
17. American Folk & Fabric, Inc., USA
18. American Ribbon Manufacturers, USA
19. American Spandex, Inc., USA
20. American Textile, USA
21. Angel Textiles, Inc., USA
22. Apparel Label, USA
23. Arc-Com Fabrics Inc., USA
24. Asheboro Elastics Corp., USA
25. Ashro Fabrics, USA
26. BNB International Textiles, Inc., USA
27. Bo-Tex Sales, USA
28. Bostik, USA
29. Brecon Knitting Mill, USA
30. Bruck Braid Company?, USA
31. CDS Company, USA
32. Carnegie, US
33. Celia Incorporated, USA
34. Central Shippee, Inc., USA
35. Crazy as a Loom Weaving Studio, USA
36. Custom Laminations, USA
37. David Rothschild Company, Inc., USA
38. Dazian, USA
39. Donaldson Filtration Solutions, USA
40. Fifield Inc., USA
41. Fisher Textiles, United States
42. Gemex, Corp. , USA
43. Gibson-Tex, Inc., USA
44. Gift Fabric, Inc, USA
45. Guilford Performance Textiles, USA
All of the Textile Mills and Company names mentioned above produces either Textile Products or provide related materials to produce textile product.

List of American Textile Company [Part 02]

In the previous post I gave you a list of American Textile Mills and Organization. Today I will give you another list where the best American Texile Industry has been enlisted too.

1. Habu Textiles, USA
2. Hemp Textiles International Corp., US
3. Hempworks Inc., USA
4. Hickory Yarns, Inc., USA
5. Home-Tex Fashions, Inc., USA
6. Homespun 10 Foot Wide Fabrics & Draperies, USA
7. Houles, USA
8. Huesker, United States
9. J & J Commercial Carpets, USA
10.Jab Textiles, Inc., USA
11.Keystone Weaving Mills, USA
12.Kravat Fabrics, Inc., USA
13.Lancer Textiles, Inc., USA
14.Lantal Textiles, Inc., USA
15.Marcel Banziger Inc., USA
16.Noah Lamport, Inc., USA
17.Origin Inc., United States
18.Outlast Technologies, USA
19.Pacesetter Fabrics, LLC, USA
20.Peachtree Fabrics, Inc., USA
21.Penumbra Textile, USA
22.Performance Textiles, Inc.,US
23.Philips-Boyne Corporation, USA
24.Plumridge, Inc., USA
25.Polartec, Inc., USA
26.Quest CAD/CAM, USA
27.Reagan Textiles, Inc., USA
28.Regal Fabrics Inc., USA
29.Rockville Fabrics, USA
30.Safco Fabrics, USA
In the next post I will give you more American Textile Company names.

History of Textile | Stepwise Description of Textiles History

Before giving a description on textiles history we should first know what is textiles?

Well, Textiles is a technique by which a fabric is made by using the warp and weft yarn. Textiles are not only produced by weaving it, but also it is made by knitting or felting the fibers and yarns. Textile is basically a Latin word which came from “Texere” and it means “To Weave”.
In order to brief the history of textiles we have to go back when the civilization was initiated. When the people started to think that we shouldn’t stay nude. We should cover our secret bodies by using something. From that time the textiles history began. Day by day, peoples tried to make something comfortable. Imagine, at the initial time of human civilization, peoples worn husk and leaves of trees to cover their under body. But later they tried to invent something different that is more easy to use and more stable.
In this way, the days were continued and the peoples were trying their best to excavate something regarding to textiles. After having lots of attempts, just before the 7^th Century of BC (Before Christ) people were succeed to discover the fiber. It was the turning point of textiles history.  Research said that, peoples successfully made a cloth to wear just before 500000 years ago.
At the beginning time of textiles history, the Needle was made by using the wood and various natural hard sticks. But later, just before the 40000 years ago the sewing needle has been started to make which was quite good for sewing cloth.
In China the textiles was firstly spread and later it expanded in Indian Subcontinent and Africa. Research said, wool and silk fiber was firstly invented before the cotton fiber. And all of the fibers were available on the Indian Subcontinent and the Arabian merchant’s trades with these cloths and they exported these to various European country.
In the hand of Silk fibers and silk cloth revolutions a Silk Road was created for the first time of the history of textile. This road was a trade road where the merchants from the China, Egypt, Indian Subcontinent, Arab, Persia and Rome were interconnected with their Textile Business issues.
Then, the people started to do something with the textiles. They started to use it according to its versatile using capabilities. It is worth mentioning that peoples started to make their own cloths with their own design and a classical era of textiles was started.
Then, slowly the cloths and fabrics are being developed. A lot of new fibers like Glass, Bamboo and other man made fiber were produced. And by using these fibers some exclusive fabrics are being developed which has taken our world to a new fashionable world which is really significant and gorgeous.
It’s all about the History of Textiles and textiles history is still going. After 100 years, today’s textile will be a history……so history is on-going process. If I live after 100 years (Inshallah), I will definitely update this page.

To Install a New Textile Industry What Steps Should We Take?

Installing new Textile industry is the big challenges for the Textile Entrepreneurs. Sometimes the owner of the textile industry has to fall in miserable lose due to unplanned and well-configured installation.  A new textile should have not only employment, salary, exclusive profit strategy but also have some geo-friendly process. This will assist the new Textile in the long run. Let us briefly discuss the things that should keep on mind while installing a new textile industry-

Product Planning:

Place & Factory Appearance:

Purchasing Accessories and Related Tools:

Buyer Managing or Marketing:

 

 

 

 

What Is THe History of Textile Printing

It is not sure when the textile printing was started but it is assumed that East Indian area of China is the home of Textile Printing. Because the history and research proved that India and China firstly initiated the block printing by engraving the wood.
Almost 500 years ago of Zishu-Christ they achieved the method how to implement various pictures of letters on to the textile fabric. At that time peoples printed only he pictures of natural mages and animal on the textile cloth. The ancient Persian civilization was also familiar with the textile cloth printing. They made finer linen fabric. The garments of mummy were decorated by various printing block like circle, square, triangle etc.
Later on, Portuguese business personnel spread the uses of printed fabric into the Europe. At that time the clothes were very popular in Europe and Asia. These clothes or garments are- Maslin(Dhaka), Zamdani, Benaroshi,Broket, Bulbul Khosom Khasia, Fulkuri, Bug, Kanta, Du-shala, Chandra-Tara, Dupchaya, Sorgola, Kahaba, Kashia, Mokhmal, Baluchar, Butider, Potula, Bandhoni, Chunri, chairala, Pottal Silk etc. This is the history of Textiel Printing.

List of Textile Recruitment Agencies Worldwide For Textiles-Apparel Job Seeker

Textile and Apparel Design Industry needs lots of employee to accomplish their work. From the managerial position to the individual textile or apparel designer is a must needed on a Textile – Apparel Industry. Truly speaking, there is a huge scope of textile jobs in Textiles apparel industry worldwide which can only be fulfilled by the brilliant Textile Engineers and Fashion Designers. In order to give the news of new vacancy in Textile Sector; there are enormous Textile Recruitment Agencies has been working on.

The Textile Recruitment Agencies has established their consulting firms for the Textile apparel or designing jobs seeker. The recruitment agencies provide their service by creating job sites, job providing news pages where the new jobs are being updated daily. In these kind of Job sites the job seekers find their expected jobs with the brief job descriptions, job positions where the Job Searching features also available which is usually categorized according to employment types, education qualifications, positions mentioning like designers, engineers, clothing or apparel experts etc.
Here I have enlisted some awesome textile recruitment agencies from all over the world who are providing textile-apparel jobs for the textile job seekers around the planet.
Fiber to Fashion: Fiber to Fashion is a textile fashion based site where lots of Textile related jobs are available. This is a great place where the textile recruiters, textile employments seekers, fashion job searchers are gathered. So, it’s a huge space to find a suitable textile job along with free information for further job proceedings.
Shellaconsultants: Shellaconsultants works with online textile job, textile industry job, textile company jobs and all other related recruitment issues.
Madder Online: Madder is an international personnel recruitment consultants for the textile based job seekers.
Yakaz Recruitment Agencies: Yakaz is a Bradford based recruitment agency which provides textile designer jobs news.
India Crafts: India Crafts provides Information regarding various employment opportunities in Indian textile sector where different apparel clothing and textile employment are available through various textile recruitment agencies.
This is probably one of the best lists of the textile recruitment agency. So check out every page of these job sites and select the best employment for you. Best luck.

Yahooo! I got Job in Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation | My Dream Is No More Dream Now!

Some days ago in another post I wrote about the Interview and VIVA of a Job of BJMC (Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation). Luckily, I have got the JOB. I am extremely happy now. This matter proved that the whole recruiting process in BJMC was fair and no corruption has been happened there( though it’s rare in the Bangladeshi circumstances). I am saying so because I didn’t take indulge any kind of corruption to get this job like giving bribe or Making call from the higher authority of BJMC or Ministry of Bangladesh.

Firstly, I would like to thanks to my Almighty Allah for making my dream come true. I believe and strongly believe that If Allah wouldn’t want it; I wouldn’t get that JOB. Getting a Govt. job was my Dream and it was drastically needed as I just have completed (about 1 Days ago) my Under-graduation course in B. Sc. in Textile Engineering from a Private University of Bangladesh. I have been recruited in BJMC to serve as Assistant Production Manager. As this job is related to my Educational Subject (Textile Engineering), I am damn sure; I will enjoy it. This is not only a Job for me but also a chance to do something for our Jute Sector.
Once a Time, Jute was the Golden Fiber in Bangladesh. But unluckily, due to some corruption in Govt. Jute mills and proper marketing and lack of consciousness Jute has lost it’s golden days. But the total facts are changing now gradually. The present Government (2010) has taken some proper steps and some development project which are giving a new light on the Jute Darkness. BJMC are recruiting some young Engineers who are really brilliant and honest.
I hope, the Total situation of Jute Sector will be changed within very shorter with the help of young Textile Engineers. Hope, the production rate of Jute Mills will increase more than now and it will produce more quality product which will be more demandable in the Global Market.
Currently the Jute Mills of BJMC are producing various Jute products like Jute Bags, Jute Carpet, Jute Rags, Jute Blanket etc.
Recently the Origin of Jute has discovered. Now, it is possible to invent a Jute yarn from Jute Fiber which will be more precious like Cotton Fiber which can be used in making Fabric that can be wearable by Human Being.
Heay! My readers just pray for me! I believe I will be able to contribute in Job Sector of Bangladesh.

 

 

Textile Schools & Fashion Design Colleges Blog Will Be In Main Domain Now

Hello My Dear Textile Blog Readers,

You know, I have been blogging here since one and half years. I have tried my best to accumulate all kind of subjects and articles about Textile & Fashion Technology. At first I started blogging on this blog’s main domain named Online Textile Fashion School Blog. But later I created this subdomain and continued to posted the Textile classes and articles. I covered every possible categories like Weaving, Dyeing, Spinning, Fiber, Raw Materials, Institutions, Online Shops, Books, Download, News, Software, Knitting, Apparel or Garments and some other popular topics.
But now, I have decided to tune my blog for you readers to be more flexible on reading, for better archiving and indexing. Easy categorization would be my first attempt on the new tuning. This is why I have planned to omit some categories from this Blog to my main domain named Textile Class.
At the initial stages I have already written several articles there which are –
1. B.Sc in Textile Engineering in Bangladeshi Universities.
2. MSc Degree in Textile Engineering | Master Degree Providing University & Colleges.
3. Earning Degree at Graphic Design Schools of California, USA
That means, no more Education or College related information will be posted on this textile blog. But all the Textile and Fashion related articles publishing will be continued here. My request is to my sweet readers that, if you need any Textile and Fashion related College or University or Schools Info, then go to http://textileclass.com.
Regards,
Admin

Top Fashion Design Schools & Colleges at USA | Earn Degree Now!

Fashion Designing is the trendiest, smart and job oriented education degrees now a days. As because the Job market of the world is changing day by day and peoples are being trendy, the demand of Fashion Designing is terrifically increasing. You know, peoples are more conscious now about their dresses, cloth styles, make ups and obviously the overall get ups.

You know, some decades ago, peoples were just went to Market and bought textiles and jewelries or dresses by depending on these prices but not considering how it would be looking if s/he wear it. But now the total circumstances have been thoroughly changed.
Schools of Fashion Design are being created by thinking the global demands of Fashion Designers of the World. There are lots of fashion design colleges and fashion design universities available who offers various fashion design classes and courses with affordable tuition fees.
The online education branches of these fashion schools have made easy your earning a degree dreams, no matter if you are in a fulltime job schedule.
There is list of Top Fashion Design Schools & Textile Colleges which are located in United States of America whose are specialized on Online Fashion Degrees, Art Online Degrees, Art Education Programs Online and various Online Fashion Courses. Check these out now –
Fashion School California: Earn a Fashion Design Degree Online at the Fashion Art Schools in California. The students who are currently living on California, USA; they can get themselves admitted in this college to earn a fashion degree.
Fashion Design School: Learn To Design And Create Clothing
and More. Choose A Degree Program from this University and lead a luxurious career.
Academy of Art Online: Accredited Fashion Design School. In this art and fashion school you will get all the Flexible Programs and others study opportunities. Request Info like the Admission info, tuition fees, hostel living cost, food cost etc. This is obviously an Accredited & Interactive Online Fashion Design School. Get Info.
American Fashion Design School: Get a Fashion Certificate from the American Education Network. You can expect a Quick & Easy support from them.
Fashion Master Courses: Certified Master Diploma Program in Fashion Design in Italy. Grab your art degree now!
West Wood Edu: Westwood Edu is an Online Fashion School and most importantly an Online Fashion Merchandising School from where you can earn any kind of degree related to Fashion and Art. Request Program Info & Get Started!

10 Best Fashion Programs: Stand Out From The Rest by taking a Renowned fashion or Art education Programs and Opportunities from this beautiful and popular design school.
Fashion Design Degree: Get admitted in an Online Degree-Correspondence School
in order to Get An Associate Degree From Home!
The Design Schools: Request free Information from Fashion Design Schools that is located Near to your home!
Art Fashion Design: Train for a fashion design career at art schools near you. Get info that you needs to qualify you to get admitted in this art schools.
Mckinley Fashion School: Online Degree-Correspondence School from where it is easy to Get an Associate Degree from Home!
The links just have mentioned above; all will not take you to the Top fashion and art schools; but I have enlisted these in order to find the best fashion schools at USA that suits with your requirements, tuition fees affordability and other opportunities that you are expecting. Best wishes for you.

Where I Can Take Textile Design Courses ?

Textile Design is a different kind of designs compared to other natural designs that we naturally see. To be a Textile Designer one must have to know about the vast lessons of Textile Designing and have to take lots of textile design courses.

While time is changing and the demand of Textile Designers are increasing rapidly in the Textile Job market; the demand of Textile Design Courses also increasing.

Peoples are continuously seeking good institutes and colleges to learn Textile Designs. And this is why I am writing about this topic so that people can easily find all of the Textile Design Courses offering institutes in one post.
A lot of University and colleges are offering Textile Design Courses. Most of the Textile Design course offering university are located in UK, US, Italy & India. In Bangladesh; some textile design institute has already been established.
Here are the list of Universities who offers Post Graduate and Graduate Program on Textile Designing—

1. Birminghum City University; who are offering more than 7 post graduate textile design courses.
2. University of Huddersfield; they are offering just only 1 post graduate course on textile design.
3. Herriot Watt University; they offer 3 post graduate degree on Textile design.
4. Edinburg College or Art; more than 8 textile design courses they are offering in Post Graduate category.
5. University of Wales Institute, Cardiff; they offers undergraduate program on textile institute.
6. De Montfort Univesity; they offers 2 undergraduate courses on designs of textile.
7. University College of Falmouth; this university offers BA Honors degree on Textile design.
8. Bangor University; they offers 1 undergraduate course in design of textiles.
9. Academy of Fashion Studies, New Delhi; it’s an India based Textile Design institute.
10. University of Cumbria; in case of textile design courses they offers 3 post graduate degree.

Now, how to reach the design institute and university name I have enlisted above? The solution is- just search on Google typing the university name; and go there.
Actually Textile Design courses are available in everywhere now. It’s better find the best one which is nearest to you locality.

 

 

 

The Origin of Jute Has Been Discovered By Bangladeshi Researchers

The Genome Sequence of Jute or DNA or Blue Print of Jute has been discovered by some young researchers of Bangladesh. Some students of Bio Chemistry and Bio-technology of Dhaka University along with Data Soft has been discovered the origin of Jute Fiber. The whole research process was under Dr. Maksudul Alam.

The main advantages of discovering the origin of Jute Fiber are- from now it is possible to produce finer jute yarn. In the near future we can hope that, by using the Jute Fiber; various cloths & dresses can be made. If it becomes possible to make clothes from Jute fiber; the environment of our world will be highly benefited, as Jute Fiber is a biodegradable fiber.




We can expect the versatile uses and benefits of Jute Fiber now. Thanks to the scientist who were involved with this fabulous invention.
As we know the Origin of Jute Fiber now; its possible to develop higher classed Jute which will be auto insects protector. Insects are the main enemy of Jute. If insects can be protected at the time of Jute growing; we will definitely get better jute fiber for our textile industry.
This is the first time Bangladesh has completed a successful research on any Textile Related fibers. If the research on Jute that already has been achieved is continued; we can hope, jute fiber can be harvested in the whole season with various new specis, new colors, enhanced heights, and brighter fibers. Because, it’s possible to snatch the idea of generating whole seasonal seeds from the existing jute seeds as we know now how Jute is produced.
If jute fiber is properly developed; it can be great bio-degradable natural fibers in textile world.

 

Some Topics That Every Textile Engineers Should Have To Know

One of a boy yesterday asked me that if I want to be a Textile Engineer what the lessons I must have to be acquainted?

I told him some of the crucial topic name and except these it’s not possible to be a Good Textile Engineer.
Ok let me tell you now what the lessons that you may need to know:

In The Category of Applied Chemistry:

1. Estimation & Removal of water hardness.
2. Soap, Detergent & their synthesis, properties and application.
3. Chemistry of acids, alkalis, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents, catalysts, textile chemicals and their uses in Textile wet process technology.
4. Organic textile auxiliaries & their nomenclature and purchase.
5. Special pretreatments.

In the Category of Dyeing:

1. Theory of Dyeing.
2. Physico-Chemical aspects of Dyeing Process.
3. Theory of Dyes diffusion.
4. Adsorption Isotherms.
5. Pigments dyeing.
6. Natural Dyes & Natural Dyeing.
7. Metal Complex Dyes and their application.
8. Dyeing problems and their solution.

In the Category to Printing:

1. Theory of Textile Printing.
2. Production of Printing Thickeners & Pastes.
3. Details of Screen Printing (Design Selection, Screen Preparation, Printing).
4. Rotary Screen Printing in details.
5. Printing problems and their recoveries.

In the Category of Finishing:

1. Woven Finishing (Soil release, Stentering)
2. Knit finishing.
3. De-watering or removal of excess water.
4. Drying Systems.
5. Steaming Unit.
6. Curing Unit.
7. Compacting.
8. ETC.

What Type of Textile Chemist Is Required For A Textile Industry?

Some works in a textile industry at washing plant, dyeing floor, and wet processing can not be properly done in case of absence of a Textile Chemist. The main act is usually be carried out by the textile chemist and except him or her none can accomplish it.

A textile chemist must have proper & adequate knowledge in order to manage a chemical plan in a Textile Industry. A best output can be expected when the chemist are well-experienced, well-motivated, attitude to do work hard and of course highly educated. Now a day, we find the non-technical personnel are working as a head of the chemical plant of a textile industry. It causes, a comparatively lower rated production because of the lack of enough technical knowledge that a textile engineer may have.
A Textile Engineer must be able to manage or govern a Chemical Plant as a Textile Chemist better than a non-technical person. Because, during the academic period a textile engineers has to study about chemistry, mathematics, physics, statistics, accounting, management along with the basic Textile Related ( Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Printing, Garment or Apparel, Textile Washing & Machines ) subjects. He elaborately learns about the chemical bond of dye, water & fibres. He also knows how much strength a yarn or fabric can have and how much chemical should have to use on this matter.
So it is recommended to recruit the Textile Engineers as a Textile Chemist instead of traditional, so called non-technique persons for more productivity & higher quality.
A Textile Chemist must have the following characteristics:

1. Well-known to the Chemicals:

It is a “Must Have” type characteristic that a textile chemist should have to aware of.

2. Well-known to the Different Textile Processing:

It is seen that, the personnel who are basically recruited as a textile chemist from the general educational institutions upon the basis of experience. And this person becomes experienced by doing jobs in a particular section on different industry. In this sense, the Textile Engineers are absolutely qualified as they have to learn all of the subjects (Processing) related to the textile productions which is mentioned above.

3. Familiar with the Marketing World:

A textile chemist is just not only for chemical treatment to the textiles but also responsible to take care of the chemicals as how it can be stored and where it can be imported from. So it is necessary to have enough personality to make a negotiation with the chemical exporters outsides of the industry.
What more do you think? If you have any thoughts about “what type of qualification a textile chemist should have”…you can tell me here by commenting. Thanks.

 

 

Textile College | College Textiles | Textile Courses of Bangladesh

As the demand of Textile Engineers are swiftly increasing in the Textile Industry and textile research institutes, the number of Textile College or College of Textiles or Textile courses are being increased simultaneously.

Textile Colleges or Universities are specialized only in Textiles. Maximum of the Textile College or Textile University which are available worldwide are providing textile courses on Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Printing, Finishing & Apparel or Garments. Every section of these also has some advanced section which might be Specialization on Textile Testing, Specialization in Textile Finishing, and Specialization on Garments Washing and so on.
Now a day, some college textiles are offering the Merchandising course which is all about costing a product and negotiating with buyers.
Textile Management also a course of college textiles which is being most demandable subject day by day as most of the Textile Industry requires some management personnel for managing a factory properly.
In Bangladesh, India & Pakistan there are several College Textiles, Textile University, Textile Diploma Institutes has been stablished in order to provide Textile Engineering Diploma or Degree certificates.
Here, I have enlisted some of the most famous textile colleges, universities and institutions of Bangladesh-

Textile Colleges & Universities of Bangladesh

1. College of Textile Engineering & Technology (CTET) : It is the first Govt. Textile College of Bangladesh which has recently transformed as Public University where Textiles is a Specialized subject. Before being a Public Engineering University it was a college named College of Textiles under the University of Dhaka (DU).
2. Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST): It is a private university of Bangladesh. In this University the B.Sc. in Textile Engineering course was started many days ago. In Bangladesh this is great university for the students who would like to get themselves admitted in Textile Engineering Department.
3. Daffodil International University: It is another University where you will get yourself admitted in B. Sc. in Textile Engineering program.  This is the first time the M. Sc. in Textile Engineering course has been started in Bangladesh and this is only on Daffodil International University. It’s a private university.
4. Primeasia University: This is another private university of Bangladesh where they provide the B. Sc. in Textile Engg. Program.
5. University of South Asia (UniSA): This is a private university of Bangladesh. If you want to get a B. Sc. in Textile Engg. degree. you can get yourself admitted there.
6. South East University: It’s another Private University. B. Sc. in Textile Engineering courses is available here too.
7. City University:   A Private University of Bangladesh. B. Sc. in Textile Engineering courses are available here.
8. Atish Dipankor University: The Textile courses have been started here recently.
9. Chittagong Textile Engineering College: It was a Textile Diploma Institute. But later, the Govt. of Bangladesh transformed it into the Textile University College where B. Sc. in Textile courses is read under the Chittagong University.
10. Pabna Textile Engineering College: It was a Textile Diploma Institute too. But now it is a textile engineering college where B. Sc. courses are available.
11. Tangail Textile Engineering College: In this college textiles the Diploma & B. Sc both are running.
12. Mawlana Bhasani University of Science & Technology: It is a public university of Bangladesh where the Textile Engg. Courses are available.
13. Begumgonj Textile Engineering College, Noakhali: It’s another public Textile Engineering  College which started their educational journey in May, 2007 affiliated with University of Chittagong.
14. Green University Bangladesh: The Textile Campus of Green University is Located at Farmget, Dhaka.
15. World University of Bangladesh (WUB): Recently WUB opened B. Sc in Textile Course.
16. BGMEA Institute of Fashion & Technology (BIFT) : BIFT offers some exclusive certificate and bachelor courses on Apparel and Textile Engineering.

Diploma In Textile Institutes of Bangladesh

There are several Diploma institutes in Bangladesh under the Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB) on order of Institute of Textile Engineering & Technology (ITET). These are-
1. Tangail Textile Diploma Institute.
2. Dinajpur Textile Diploma Institute.
3. Barishal Textile Diploma Institute.
4. Noakhali Textile Diploma Institute.
These are the College textiles and University of Textile Engineering in Bangladesh. It is worth mentioning that the list will be updated if any textile college or university is established or demolished.

Bangladesh Garments Statistics and Future Challenge

According to EPB report 2008 the Bangladesh Garments circumstances is well. Though there have some obstacles, Bangladesh is developing itself in the garments manufacturing countries day by day. Here is a simple statistics about Bangladeshi garments:
1. Garments Industry: About 4500 (only registered)
2. Man Power: About 25 Lac
3. Foreign Currency: 12 Billion USD
4. Nationally Earned % : About 81%
5. Knit Fabric: 90% Locally Produced
6. Woven Fabric: 30% Locally Produced.
7. Backward Linkage: Woven Fabric

Future Challenge of Bangladeshi Garments:

1. Lead Time: Lead Time for the Bangladeshi Garments is very crucial. Bangladeshi garments are not developing as per its expectation due to the lead time of its raw material collection and vessels problems. For instance, in Bangladesh L/C is done for 120 days. But in this competitive world L/C is done for 90 days. That means the Bangladeshi garments manufacturers get only 30 days to collect raw material, 30 days for garments production, 30 days for shipment.
2. Competitive Price: Due to the insufficiency of the raw materials Bangladeshi garments are to import necessary equipments and raw materials from other country like china, India etc. This increases total production cost. Whereas China can produce same garments with comparatively lower prices.
3. Product Diversification: It is seen in Bangladesh that the R & D department (Research & Development) rarely exist in the garments factory. So experiment with new products and design are not occurring. It affects the fashionable market drastically.
4. Buyers Compliance: Buyer compliance also put an important role on the total production.

 

 

Textile Testing | Importance of Testing in Textiles

Testing is a valuable aid for textile production, distribution, and consumption. Person engaged in textiles testing authority, should be a part scientist, as well as, a part statistician, part technologist, part diplomat in management and floor level. There are some question is raised while testing a textiles are –
1. Why do we test?
2. What do we test?
3. When do we test?
4. Who does the test?

Importance of Textile Testing:

1. Research Work: Test of the textiles helps the authority to decide the next route.
2. Selection of Raw Materials: During textiles testing the variation of a fibre or fabric i.e. length, color, fineness (in case of textile fibre), threads per inch, cover factor (in case of textile fabric), is detected properly. Thus proper raw materials are selected properly.
3. Process Control: Certain standard level should be maintained to control increase of waste, rise of cost etc. By textile testing we can easily detect the faults of machinery and materials during test of textiles.
4. Process Development: Research Institute, pilot plants can achieve process development through testing or exact investigation into better, cheaper and quicker methods.
5. Search for effective productivity: Continuous test of the textiles results a enhanced and efficient output of the production.
6. Specification Test: To meet up the customer requirement, specification is very useful. In this concept, testing plays a vital role.

Understanding Felts Fabric, Knit Goods, Braids & Laces, Woven Goods before Testing

Felts: Felts have no regular structure but consist of masses of fiber united together by chemical treatments. Textile Tests made on felt are usually for content and are chemical and optical tests. Thickness is the most important physical test. Porosity is sometimes determined.
Knit Goods: Knit goods consist of a series of loops of a single yarn; other yarns may be used to make stripes but usually only one strand at a time. Generally saying, looping one yarn about itself. The lengthwise loops of the fabric are known as Wales and the crosswise loops as courses knit goods are often made in tubular form so that there are needs. As hosiery and underwear form the bulk of the knit goods with their use as dress goods increasing in general, appearance is the most important property. Physical test, then are not as important on knit goods as they come on the market, most of the testing of knit goods is done in the process of manufacture and carried out on the yarn which goes into the goods.
Braids & Laces: Braids and Laces, also are used principally for ornamentation and again the most important tests are those made upon the constituent yarns. This class of fabrics is, in point of quantity relatively unimportant. Fabrics are made twisting many yarns about each other.
Woven Goods: Woven Goods are by far the most important group of fabrics. They are made in a loom by arranging a number of yarns under tension and capable of being lifted and dropped by the harness mechanism, each individual yarn of the warp passing between set combs called the reed. With some of the ends lifted and some dropped to form and angle, a shuttle files across carrying one yarn; these cross yarns are known as the filling. Different patterns are made by putting different yarns in the warp and in the filling, also by lifting the warp yarns in various combinations. The filling yarns change direction at each edge of the fabric and to keep them firmly in position at the edges, a special lot of warp yarns very close together is put in. Obviously, the cloth is firmer and in general different in properties near the selvedge, so it is a general rule that no physical tests shall be made nearer than one tenth the width of the fabric to the selvedge.
There is some woven goods like-
Tapes and Ribbons: These are made very narrow and on special looms.
Mechanical fabrics: These are ordinary wide goods of fairly simple weave where appearance is secondary to strength or other physical properties.
Dress goods, suiting, coatings, poplins, broadcloths, etc. These are fabrics of fairly simple wear but appearance is more important than in the other fabrics.
Print Goods: Theses are of fairly simple weave but with a complicated color pattern applied by a printing process.
Tapestries and other similar Fabrics: These are of very complicated weave produced by complex looms or jacquard looms. Appearance is usually the most important quality in these goods.
Pile fabrics: Pile fabrics such as pushes, velvets, corduroys, and carpets. These are fabrics in which some of the yarns are cut during or after weaving so that the cut ends form the f ace of the fabric.
Multi-ply Fabrics: These are as some collar materials. These are fabrics consisting of two separate warps and filling fabrics, united by another set of warp yarns which are common to both layer.

How we can easily detect the Face or Back Side of a Fabric properly?

When the fabric is laid down on a cutting table then it is sometimes feels to us troublesome to detect properly the face or back side of fabric. Sometimes it feels very difficult to mark out. The face side is the upper side of a fabric that will show the appearance of a fabric. And the back side is the inner side of a fabric. So the buyer can choose that what type of side he/she will be using as the face side.
However, there are some criteria from where we can easily identify the right or face side of a fabric.

 

 

 

Physical Properties of Jute Fiber With Chemical Composition

Jute Fiber has some standard physical properties. These are –

• Ultimate Jute Length: 1.5 to 4 mm.

• Ultimate Diameter of Jute: 0.015 to 0.002 mm.

• Jute Fiber Length: 150 to 300 CM (5 to 12 Feet).

• Jute Color: Jute fiber can be White, Yellow, Brown or Grey.

• Strength of Jute:  3.5 to 5 G/Den.

• Specific Gravity: 1.48

• Moisture Regain of Jute: 13.75 % (Standard).

• Elasticity: Breaking Extension 1.8% and Elastic Recovery very low.

• Resiliency: Bad.

• Dimensional Stability of Jute: Good on average.

Chemical Composition of Jute:

Cellulose > 65%
Hemi-cellulose > 22.5%
Lignin > 11%
Fat and Wax > 0.3%
Water Soluble Materials > 1.2%
——————————————————————-
Total =    100 %

What is Fibre Maturity & What Factors Work Behind to Fiber Maturity in Textile

Definition of Fiber Maturity

Fibre maturity (in case of Cotton Fiber) is a fibre characteristic which expresses the relative degree of thickening of the fibre wall. In other words, it is the measure of primary and secondary wall thickness.
The fibre maturity is usually estimated by several indirect tests which are foten used to find out the proportion of fibres containing a maturity greater than some selected level.

A fiber will be matured if a high degree of wall thickening took place into the fiber content during cotton growth.

Things upon Which the Textile Fiber Maturity Depends

There are several factors upon which the fibre maturity is basically depends. By changing theses factors you can also measure that which factors is working behind to be a fibre matured or which not.
The factors are –

1. Weather: If the weather doesn’t favor, the fiber gets less chance to be matured.
2. Types of Soil: It is proved that, in some country the fibers grows well and becomes well matured and on some other country; due to the soil, fibers don’t be so much matured and grows low quality fibres.
3. Plant Diseases: If proper care is not taken to the fibres, these become less matured due to several diseases.
4. Pests: Some pests is good for Plants and some are bad. So be careful to apply any pesticides on any plants.
5. Dead Fibers: It is natural that the dead fibers will be immature.

I hope you have got a basic idea about Fiber Maturity and you have also learned that what are the factors works behind to make a fiber immature.
Is there anything I have missed to mention? Please add these in the comment box if you know something more about Textile Fibre Immaturity.

Physical Properties of Textile Fibres that must be measured | Long & Cotton Fibre Properties

The physical properties are mentioned below are worth considerable for a Textile Fibre:-

1. Tenacity/ Specific Length ( Gram/ Denier)
2. Length of the fibre ( Cm/ Inch)
3. Fineness of the textile fiber ( Mic-Value)
4. Moisture Regain (%) and Moisture Content (%)
5. Specific Gravity ( G/cc)
6. Elongation of the Fibre ( Cm/ inch)
7. Extension (%)
8. Fibre Breaking Length( Kilo/m)
9. Elastic Recovery (%)
10. Fibre Maturity (%)
11. Swelling & Water Retention (%)
12. Static Electrification
13. Glass Transaction Temperature ( Tg)
14. Crystalline Melting Point ( Tm)
15. Specific Heat.
16. Burning Behavior
17. Discoloration.
18. Thermal Conductivity
19. Pilling Behavior
20. Durability
21. LOI (%)> Limiting Oxygen Index.
22. Degradation.

Chemical, Structural & Performance properties of Textile Fibre

Chemical Properties of textile fibre:

1. Chemical Composition.
2. Effect of acid
3. Effect of alkali
4. Effect of organic solvents
5. Effect of insects.
6. Effect of micro-organisms.

Structural Properties of textile fiber:

1. Fine Structure and Appearance
2. Micro Structure.
a) Cross-sectional view.
b) Longitudinal View.

Performance Properties of textile fibre:

1. Domestic Application
2. Business Application
3. Industrial Application of textile fibre.
4. Technical Application.

Mechanical Properties of Textile Fibres

The mechanical properties of Textile fibres is the response to applied forces and deformation. But we should know the strength of yarn can not be greater than the sum of the maximum strength of its component’s fibres.

Mechanical properties of textile fibre:

1. Tensile Properties.
2. Flexural Properties.
3. Torsional Properties.
4. Fictional Properties

 

 

 

 

 

There are several important effects of crimp on Fabric Properties:-

1. Abrasion Resistance: If crimp percentage is high then the resistance of the fabric will be higher.
2. Shrinkage: If crimp percentage is high then the shrinkage of the fabric will be lower.
3. Handle Properties: When the crimp percentage is higher, the softness of the fabric will be fiber. Simultaneously stiffness of the fabric will be lower.
4. Fabric Design: Required extensibility is achieved by controlling crimp.

Now, how can we measure the crimp percentage of a fabric or yarn?
Here I will show you a way that is followed by WIRA Crimp tester machine.
Firstly a thread (which may be warp or weft) is collected from a fabric with crimp. Now the crimped length is measured. The length will be found is the cloth length which is denoted by “p”.
Now, the yarn is straightened and measured. A length will be found which is denoted by “l”.
So the Crimp % of the Fabric will be =     l-p/p- × 100
In this way several crimp percentage measurement is done and result is taken. By using all of the result and mean value is derived.

Neps in Textiles | Classification of Neps & Neps Count

Neps is the mostly discussed textile yarn, fiber & fabric faults. In Today’s textile class I will give some basic idea about neps in textile raw materials and it’s type with count.

Definition of Neps

Neps may be considered as small tight balls of entangled fibers which lead to the downgrading or yarn and fabric. The cross-sectional size of neps is + 140% to +400% of normal yarn and its fault length is 1 mm.

Classification of Neps

For cotton fiber; there are five types of Neps. These are –

1. Process Neps: Commonly produced by faulty carding or up to spinning yarn.
2. Mixed Neps: Fibres tangle around a foreign materials. For instance – Grit.
3. Immature Neps: Generally form by processing immature fibre.
4. Homogeneous Dead Neps: A tangle of nearly all dead fibres.
5. Fuzz Neps: A fault of short fuzz fibers.

Count of Neps

Nep count is the no. of neps per 100 square inches of card web forming ( a standerd hank of sliver of 12 NE on a 40 inch wide card).

How To Measure the Count of Neps?

At first a web is collected from the card placed on a 10 inch × 10 inch black board. Then the neps are counted and the no. of neps found is corrected fro any difference in hank or card width.
Mathematically, Nep Count, n = m × 100 [ m = no. of neps per inch square card web].

Jute Fiber Defects or Faults That We Must Know Before Jute Production

Like other natural fibers; jute fiber has some defects. In this post we will know about the different Jute Fiber defects and the causes or reasons that are behind the several Jute fiber faults.

Specky Jute:

If the Jute Fibers are not rotted and washed properly; the barks of jute adhere to the fibers and causes them speck. Speck in jute is a major defect which lowers the quality of Jute fibers.

Rooty Jute:

This kind of Jute Defects occurs due to various reasons such as under retting of the root ends of Jute fibers and if the root portion is not completely under water during ratting.

Croppy Jute:

If the top end of the fibers is rough, black and hard then stripping is insufficient which causes croppy jute.

Knotty Jute:

This kind of knotty jute defects is caused by insect bite in the jute plants.

Hunka:

This type of Jute is hard and barky caused by insufficient removal of hard bark from jute.

Mossy Jute:

Mossy grows in stagnant of water. The mosses adhere to the Jute fibers causing Mossy Jute.

Glossy Jute:

Highly lustrous jute fiber sometimes creates problems. This kind of highly lustrous jute fiber is named as Glossy Jute.

Flabby Jute:

Hairy Jute fiber defects are created due to over retting and careless stripping of Jute.

Runners:

Long hard and broken ribbon like fibers caused careless stripping and washing.

Dazed Jute Fibers:

The Jute fibre which has lost it’s strength and luster due to over retting or excessive moisture in it.

Heart Damage:

This kind of defects caused for badly damage rotten or tendered fibers.
This all about the the Jute Fibre Defects or Faults and reasons.

Discussion about Knit Fabrics & Knitting Faults That We Must Have To Know

There are several knit fabrics that are used in Garment Manufacturing. These are –

Knitting Faults That We Have To Know About:

What Are The Causes of Bad Selvedges of Fabric During Weaving

The beauty of a fabric depends on the selvedge. There are a lot of reasons that’s why the selvedges becomes odd.

In this post I will tell you some of them fabric faults. Just scroll down and read:

1. If lower strengths yarn exist in the selvedge and comparatively fewer yarn can cause a bad selvedge of a fabric.
2. If stretches or looseness is applied on the picks yarn the bad selvedges is occurred.
3. If the temple is not properly used during weaving.
4. It is mandatory to pull the selvedge’s yarn through the Heald Eye and Heald shaft. If it does not complete carefully the selvedges will be poor.
5. Loose or Tight selvedge yarn in the Beem.
6. If the calendar is cut by the press roller.
7. Bad beaming causes the bad selvedges of the fabric.
8. Unparallel weaving shed causes the bad selvedges.
9. The temple should be fit straight with the fell of the cloth. If no, the poor selvedge is must.
10. If the pick yarn is entangled into the shuttle box the bed selvedges is occurred.
11. Vibration of the reed.
12. Bending weavers beam can cause the bad selvedges of the fabric.

The above mentioned reasons are the main reason of bad selvedges of the fabric. So during weaving be careful on the issues.
You can avoid the above mentioned printed fabric faults if you take extra care on these. An experienced weaver can easily overcome the problems.

What Types of Defects Can Be Occurred On Fabric During Weaving

Most defects in cloth occur while it is woven on the loom. Some of these fabric defects are visible, while others are not. Again some fabric defects may be rectified during weaving and after weaving while others are not. Some common fabric defects are given below:

1. Broken Ends:

If a warp yarn is absent in the fabric for a very short or long distance and then this fabric defect is called broken ends.

2. Broken Picks:

If a weft yarn is absent in the fabric for a very short or long width, and then this fabric defect is called broken picks.

3. Floats:

It is a kind of defect where a warp or weft yarn floats over the fabric surface for a few centimeter lengths due to missing of interlacement of two series of yarns.

4. Weft Curling:

The weft curling is caused by inserting highly twisted, weft yarn or weft running too freely, causes twisted of weft yarn and appear on the surface of fabric.

5. Slugs:

When the weft yarn is unclean and contains slugs and its diameter s irregular, the defect appea4rin on the cloth is known as slugs.

6. Stitching:

It is a major defect particularly in good quality cloth. It is a common fabric fault in which the ends and the picks are not interlaced according to correct order of the pattern.

7. Irregular Pick Density:

If the pick density that is pick per inch varies due to mechanical fault then thick or thin place may be formed in the fabric.

8. Hairy Cloth:

The fibres in the yarn have been roughened before, during or after weaving.
Defects in Fabric

9. Holes:

If there is any small holes present in the fabric and then it is a major fabric defect.

10. Oil Spot:

Oil Spot on the fabrics are caused by too much oiling on loom parts r from other sources. However, oil stains in most fabrics may be removed by scouring process.

11. Starting Mark:

The fault known as “Starting Place” in cloth/fabric are caused as a result of stopping and starting a loom. The fault appears width way of the fabric. There are some other faults which are visible after dyeing. Few common faults of these categories are mentioned below.

12. Shedding:

When a role of fabric is dyed, depth of shade of color may vary from one place to another place along the length of the fabric is known as shedding.

13. White Spot:

If the grey fabric is made of cotton and in the cotton, polyester or other synthetic fibres is mixed to a negligible amount, after dyeing the polyester fibre remain white, showing white spot in the fabric.

14. Running Stripe Shedding:

In the solid color dyed fabric sometime narrow stripe like color shedding affect is observed due to dyeing fault is known as running stripe shadding.

15. Colored Spot on Fabric:

Due to knots, neps , slubs etc, present in the fabric, after dyeing, those places appears as a colored spot.
This is all about Fabric Defects.

 

 

 

 

Fabric Pilling Test | A Part of Textile Testing

Today I will teach you about the Fabric Pilling test. Actually pilling is a matter which can only be found on Fabric and considered as faults of Fabric.

So, what is Fabric Pilling?
Pilling is a fabric surface characterized by little pills of entangled fiber clinging to the cloth surface and giving the garment unsightly appearance. The pills are formed during wear and washing by the entanglement of loose fibers which protrude from the fabric surface.

 
Under the influence of the rubbing action these loose fibers develop into small spherical bundles anchored to the fabric by a few unbroken fibers.
So, how can I test the Fabric Pilling?
Martindale abrasion tester may be used for pilling test of any fabric. The normal samples holders are replaced with light weight square holders, which are keyed so that they may have vertical movement but cannot turn on their axes.
The samples are given a multi directional movement and rubbed against a standard fabric. After certain number of rubs, the samples are examined and the number of pills counted.
This may be repeated say in stages of 500 cycles up to 3000 or 5000 and the rate of development of pills noted.
The abrading materials may be 15 oz. cotton canvas or the test materials itself. The test specimens are mounted on the rectangular blocks. One and half inch * two and half inch and after a given number of rubs, the number of pills is counted.
So buddy is there any things that I have missed to know about Fabric Pilling? It’s a simple topic of Textile Testing. So I will describe it later. If you have any new idea, you can tell me by comments.

How we can easily detect the Face or Back Side of a Fabric properly?

When the fabric is laid down on a cutting table then it is sometimes feels to us troublesome to detect properly the face or back side of fabric. Sometimes it feels very difficult to mark out. The face side is the upper side of a fabric that will show the appearance of a fabric. And the back side is the inner side of a fabric. So the buyer can choose that what type of side he/she will be using as the face side.
However, there are some criteria from where we can easily identify the right or face side of a fabric.

 

 

What Types of Winding Machines are used in Weaving Manufacturing?

Winding Machines in Weaving Manufacturing:

1. According to winding package:

a) Pirn Winding Machine
b) Cop Winding Machine
c) Spool Winding Machine
d) Cone Winding Machine
e) Cheese Winding Machine
f) Warp Winding Machine
g) Flange Bobbin Winding Machine

2. According to Winding:

a) Precison Winding Machine
b) Non-Precison Winding Machine
3. According to Drive:
a) Direct Drive.
b) Indirect Drive.

Precison Winding of Weaving:

In this type of winding successive coils of yarn are laid parallel or near parallel to each other. Hence a very dense package is formed which contains maximum yarn in a given volume (Warp Beam, Cop, Bobbin)

Non-Precison Winding of Weaving:

This type of winding is the package which consists of a single thread which is laid on the package at appreciable helix angle so that the layer s cross one another and give stability. For example- Cone, Cheese.

How Weaving Machine Works to Weave a Fabric?

The Machine used for weaving is called loom. The warp yarns after sizing is wound on a beam called warp beam is set in the feed side of a loom. Then the warp yarn passes over the back rail and then through the heald eyes of the heald wires.
For each warp yarn one heald eye is needed. Heald wires are arranged in the heald frame generally 2 to 8 heald frames are used in a loom. If 2 heald frames is used, then the warp yarns are divided into two groups and passes the yarns through heald eyes of the two heald frames and alternate yarns passes through the same heald frame.
Then the warp yarn passes through the dents of the reed. Through each dent two warp yarns are passed. The reed is situated on the movable sley. Then the warp yarns passes over the front rail and cloth take up roller. In this way a fabric is produced.