Classification Of Basic Woven Structure
The form of interlacing of warp and weft yarns can be divided basically into three categories- plain, twill and satin/sateen weave. These three kinds of forms are called basic weaves.
1. Plain weave: The simplest of all weaves is the plain weave. Each filling yarn passes alternately over and under one warp yarn. Each warp yarn passes alternately over and under each filling yarn. Some examples of plain-weave fabric are crepe, taffeta, organdy, and muslin. The plain weave may also have variations, which include the following:
* Warp rib weave- Warp rib weaves may be described as plain weave in which two or more picks are inserted in the same shed. Warp rib weaves are normally used in warp faced constructions. The warp cover factor and the warp crimp are substantially higher than the weft cover factor and the weft crimp. The intention is to produce fabrics with prominent weft-way rib formed by the crowns of the warp threads.
* Weft rib weave- Weft rib may be described as plain weave in which two or more ends weave together as one. It is difficult to achieve very high weft cover factors in weft faced plain-weave cloths. By using two finer ends weaving as one, it becomes possible to achieve higher weft cover factor. Such cloths are expensive to weave and not very common.
* Basket, matt or hopsack weave- In matt, basket or hopsack weaves two or more ends and two or more picks weave as one. The simplest and commonest of these weave is 2/2 matt.
(Refer to Annex 2 for weave diagrams)
2. Twill weave: A weave that repeats on 3 or more ends and picks & produces diagonal lines on the face of the fabric. A twill weave is characterized by diagonal rib (twill lines) on the face of the fabric. These twill lines are produced by letting all warp ends interlace in the same way but displacing the interlacing points of each end by one pick relative to that of the previous end. In twill weave line moves sinisterly (Right - Left, Z twill) and dextrally (Left - Right, S twill). Common derivatives of twill weave are as follows:
* Zigzag weave- If the direction of the diagonal in a twill fabric is reversed periodically across the width, a zigzag effect is produced. Zigzag weave is achieved by simply combining two S and Z twill weaves of equal repeat.
* Diamond weave- Diamond weaves are achieved by combining two symmetrical zigzag weaves of equal repeat. Diamond designs are vertically and horizontally symmetrical.
* Herringbone weave- In Herringbone weave also the twill direction is reversed periodically like zigzag weave but at the point of reversal the order of interlacement is also reversed and then twill line commence as usual.
* Diaper weave- Diaper weaves are produced when we combine two Herringbone designs. Diaper designs are diagonally symmetrical. (Refer to Annex 2 for weave diagrams)
3. Satin/sateen weave: The satin weave is characterized by floating yarns used to produce a high luster on one side of a fabric. Warp yarns of low twist float or pass over four or more filling yarns. The low twist and the floating of the warp yarns, together with the fiber content, give a high degree of light reflection. Weights of satin fabrics range from chiffon satin to heavy duchesse satin. The sateen weave is similar to a satin construction except that in the sateen weave, the filling yarns float and are visible on the surface of fabric. Examples: cotton sateen, and damask.
End Uses of Twill Weaves
Twill weaves find a wide range of application such as drill cloth, khakhi uniforms, denim cloth, blankets,
shirtings, hangings and soft furnishings.
Definition, Characterestics and uses of honey comb
The form of interlacing of warp and weft yarns can be divided basically into three categories- plain, twill and satin/sateen weave. These three kinds of forms are called basic weaves.
1. Plain weave: The simplest of all weaves is the plain weave. Each filling yarn passes alternately over and under one warp yarn. Each warp yarn passes alternately over and under each filling yarn. Some examples of plain-weave fabric are crepe, taffeta, organdy, and muslin. The plain weave may also have variations, which include the following:
* Warp rib weave- Warp rib weaves may be described as plain weave in which two or more picks are inserted in the same shed. Warp rib weaves are normally used in warp faced constructions. The warp cover factor and the warp crimp are substantially higher than the weft cover factor and the weft crimp. The intention is to produce fabrics with prominent weft-way rib formed by the crowns of the warp threads.
* Weft rib weave- Weft rib may be described as plain weave in which two or more ends weave together as one. It is difficult to achieve very high weft cover factors in weft faced plain-weave cloths. By using two finer ends weaving as one, it becomes possible to achieve higher weft cover factor. Such cloths are expensive to weave and not very common.
* Basket, matt or hopsack weave- In matt, basket or hopsack weaves two or more ends and two or more picks weave as one. The simplest and commonest of these weave is 2/2 matt.
(Refer to Annex 2 for weave diagrams)
2. Twill weave: A weave that repeats on 3 or more ends and picks & produces diagonal lines on the face of the fabric. A twill weave is characterized by diagonal rib (twill lines) on the face of the fabric. These twill lines are produced by letting all warp ends interlace in the same way but displacing the interlacing points of each end by one pick relative to that of the previous end. In twill weave line moves sinisterly (Right - Left, Z twill) and dextrally (Left - Right, S twill). Common derivatives of twill weave are as follows:
* Zigzag weave- If the direction of the diagonal in a twill fabric is reversed periodically across the width, a zigzag effect is produced. Zigzag weave is achieved by simply combining two S and Z twill weaves of equal repeat.
* Diamond weave- Diamond weaves are achieved by combining two symmetrical zigzag weaves of equal repeat. Diamond designs are vertically and horizontally symmetrical.
* Diaper weave- Diaper weaves are produced when we combine two Herringbone designs. Diaper designs are diagonally symmetrical. (Refer to Annex 2 for weave diagrams)
3. Satin/sateen weave: The satin weave is characterized by floating yarns used to produce a high luster on one side of a fabric. Warp yarns of low twist float or pass over four or more filling yarns. The low twist and the floating of the warp yarns, together with the fiber content, give a high degree of light reflection. Weights of satin fabrics range from chiffon satin to heavy duchesse satin. The sateen weave is similar to a satin construction except that in the sateen weave, the filling yarns float and are visible on the surface of fabric. Examples: cotton sateen, and damask.
Definition, Characteristics and Classification of Twill Weave
Twill weaves are the weaves that find a wide range of application. They can be constructed in a variety
of ways. The main feature of these weaves that distinguishes from other types is the presence of
pronounced diagonal lines that run along the width of the fabric.
The basic characteristics of twill weaves are :
(i) They form diagonal lines from one selvedge to another.
(ii) More ends per unit area and picks per unit area than plain cloth.
(iii) Less binding points than plain cloth
(iv) Better cover than plain weave
(v) More cloth thickness and mass per unit area
Classification of Twill Weave
The twill weaves are produced in a wide variety of forms. They are however classified broadly into
important categories, namely :
(i) Ordinary or continuous twills
(ii) Zig zag , pointed or wavy twills
(iii) Rearranged twills such as satin/sateen weaves and corkscrew weaves
(iv) Combination twills
(v) Broken twills
(vi) Figured and other related twill weaves
The above types of twills are further subclassified as:
(a) Warp face twills
(b) Weft face twills
(c) Warp and weft face twills
Twill weaves find a wide range of application such as drill cloth, khakhi uniforms, denim cloth, blankets,
shirtings, hangings and soft furnishings.
Definition, Characterestics and uses of honey comb
The honey comb weaves derive their name from their partial resemblance to the hexagonal honey comb
cells of wax in which bees store their honey. These weaves form ridges and hollows which give a cell
like appearance to the textures. Both warp and weft threads float somewhat on both sides, which coupled
with the rough structure, renders this class of fabric readily absorbent of moisture. The weaves are of
two classes, namely,
(i) Ordinary honey comb or honey comb proper
(ii) Brighton honey comb
Ordinary honey comb
These weaves are characterized by the following features
(a) Cell like appearance with ridges and hollows
(b) Single line crossing a single line or double line crossing a double diagonal line
(c) More warp and weft floats
(d) Moisture absorbent due to floats
(e) Constructed with pointed drafts
(f) A reversible fabric having similar effect on both sides.
Brighton honey comb
These weaves are characterized by the following features :
(a) Non-reversible cloths in which face appears different from back side of the cloth
(b) Constructed on straight drafts only
(c) Repeat size is a multiple of 4
(d) Length of longest float is N/2 – 1, where N is the repeat size
(e) A single diagonal line crosses a double diagonal line
(f) Formation of 4 cells per repeat i.e., two large and two small cells (ordinary honey comb forms
only one cell per repeat)
(g) The number of threads in a repeat must be a multiple of 4.
End uses
The fabrics constructed from honey comb weaves have more thread floats on both sides and have a
rough structure. This renders more absorption of moisture.
The weaves are, therefore, suitable for towels and also in various forms for bed covers and quilts.
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